We specialize in prosthodontic and cosmetic dentistry and have over 25 years of experience delivering superlative results to patients. We are excited for you to meet the doctors and learn about Triangle Restoration Dentistry and our dental services and procedures. Call 888.280.2678 today for information, and let us help you regain your ...Restoration Dentistry offers various services, including hygiene visits, exams, restorative and cosmetic procedures, all under one roof for the whole family. Comprehensive Exams . At Restoration Dentistry, we perform comprehensive exams for all ages. Our expert team evaluates not just your teeth and gums, but we will do an oral cancer screening ...Classification of Dental Caries and Restorations – Dental caries are not ev enly distributed throughout the mouth. – Certain surface s of the teeth are particularly susceptible to carious lesions; others are nearly immune. – In the late 1800s, Dr. G.V. Black classified the most common sites for dental caries. – His … Denver Restorative Dentistry is the premier prosthodontic dental practice in the Denver metro area with specialized expertise in dental implants, all types of dentures, cosmetic dentistry and restorative dentistry. We offer a full range of dental services from routine cleanings and exams to veneers to full-mouth reconstructions. Our Fort Collins Restorative Dentistry goal is to keep our patients’ smiles as healthy as possible. However, decay and accidents happen. We are here to help you restore your smile with state-of-the-art, restorative dental treatments. Dr. Owens believes in a comprehensive approach to achieving a healthy mouth so many of these areas of ... Restorative dentistry is often referred to as prosthodontic dentistry. Whether your dental professional uses the term "restorative dentistry" or "prosthodontic dentistry," the goal is to preserve natural teeth as much as possible. Replacing missing teeth with a dental implant, bridge, full or partial denture helps promote dental health as well. The Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry is a peer-reviewed cosmetic dentistry journal devoted to advancing the field of esthetic ... Among several techniques …A full arch restoration is a comprehensive treatment that replaces an entire upper or lower arch of teeth. This procedure provides patients with a complete set of …This article discusses contemporary pediatric restorative dentistry. Indications and contraindications for the choice of different restorative materials in different clinical situations, including the risk assessment of the patient, are presented. The specific use of glass ionomer cement or resin-mo …In dentistry, a crown or a dental cap is a type of dental restoration that completely caps or encircles a tooth or dental implant.A crown may be needed when a large dental cavity threatens the health of a tooth. Some dentists will also finish root canal treatment by covering the exposed tooth with a crown. A crown is typically …What is restorative dentistry? These dentists provide the full range of dental services, from primary preventative care and hygiene to complex procedures such as root canals and …Restorations. At Southdale Dental Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies, a dental restoration is a procedure designed to replace a missing tooth (or teeth). When a tooth has decayed to the point where a filling cannot restore the tooth, an onlay restoration or crown (cap) is needed. When a tooth is cracked, a crown is r...Specialties: At Restoration Family & Cosmetic Dentistry, we believe in honest-to-goodness dental care. In our state-of-the-art dental clinic, every individual is carefully treated with exceptional care. From the moment you walk in the door, we ensure to provide you with an environment that is both welcoming and comfortable. Dr. Ben Drechsler, …All restorative dentistry procedures fall under two major categories: direct and indirect restorative dentistry. The term “direct restorative dentistry” refers to the process of directly and immediately restoring a tooth. A tooth filling, for example, is a type of direct restorative dentistry. Typically, Dr. Morell can complete direct ...Specialties: At Denver Restorative Dentistry, you'll be seen by Dr. Goggins, Dr. Aguirre, and Dr. Pitz who are skilled prosthodontists. If you didn't know, prosthodontists are dentists with three additional years of education and training beyond dental school in the restoration of missing and damaged teeth. It is one of the nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental …Feb 16, 2023 · Biomimetic dentistry could open a new era through successful repair and replacement of diseased dental hard and soft tissues. Restorative dentistry in the future would no longer be using inert materials that only fill the prepared cavity, but instead, it will rely mainly on bioactive materials with the capability of dental tissues regeneration. Restoration Family & Cosmetic Dentistry is a patient-centered, service-oriented, community-driven, breath of fresh air! We deliver honest-to-goodness general dentistry to the families of greater Greer with excellence and humility, and we are passionate about using dentistry as a vehicle to bring health, encouragement, peace, and freedom to our ... metal acrylic dental bridge. metal acrylic dental crown. When permanent restorations are designed, they will always have a metal shell on which acrylic is placed in specially prepared areas. Most of the times, acrylic will cover only visible areas of the crown and it cannot be placed on the chewing side of the tooth …Restorative dentistry focuses on restoring a damaged smile. Restorative dentistry can address issues like: Chipped or cracked teeth. Broken teeth. Structural damage from …What Can Restorative Dentistry Treat? Restorative dentistry can resolve a variety of oral health concerns, including: Cracked, broken, or damaged teeth; Missing teeth; Decayed or infected teeth; Benefits of Tooth Restoration. Restorative dentistry can play an important role in keeping your teeth and gums healthy. Some of the many benefits that ...Indications for restoration of only the coronal access opening include the following: 1. Minimal tooth structure is lost before and during root canal treatment; a conservative access preparation is present with intact marginal ridges, and the tooth can be restored without further preparation. 2.In recent years, the porcelain veneer has gained extensive recognition as a primary restoration in esthetic dentistry. A variety of materials and techniques have been introduced since its development in the early 1980s. The long-term clinical studies reported the outstanding performance of the porcelain veneer … With decades of experience, continued education, and advanced technology, we can craft a custom dental restoration plan that not only fixes your teeth but also enhances your smile’s natural beauty. Connect with our experts at North Atlanta Family Dentistry by calling (678) 474-4917 to schedule a consultation or learn more about restorative ... We provide restoration dentistry at Relax and Smile Dental Care in Miami and the surrounding area. Our team can help restore your smile. Call us at (305) 740-1444 to … Denver Restorative Dentistry is the premier prosthodontic dental practice in the Denver metro area with specialized expertise in dental implants, all types of dentures, cosmetic dentistry and restorative dentistry. We offer a full range of dental services from routine cleanings and exams to veneers to full-mouth reconstructions. Biomimetic dentistry could open a new era through successful repair and replacement of diseased dental hard and soft tissues. Restorative dentistry in the future would no longer be using inert materials that only fill the prepared cavity, but instead, it will rely mainly on bioactive materials with the capability of dental tissues regeneration.Smile Restoration. Glacier Centre for Dentistry is a dental office in Kalispell, MT that specializes in the restoration of smiles. Our special area of expertise is treating patients who have suffered years of discomfort with their oral health. We believe that the highest quality dentistry only occurs when a team of highly trained doctors and ...We provide restoration dentistry at Relax and Smile Dental Care in Miami and the surrounding area. Our team can help restore your smile. Call us at (305) 740-1444 to …All restorative dentistry procedures fall under two major categories: direct and indirect restorative dentistry. The term “direct restorative dentistry” refers to the process of directly and immediately restoring a tooth. A tooth filling, for example, is a type of direct restorative dentistry. Typically, Dr. Morell can complete direct ...Restorative dentistry: An innovative handling approach Send your letters to the Editor, British Dental Journal , 64 Wimpole Street, London, W1G 8YS. [email protected]. Priority will be given to letters ...Biomimetic dentistry could open a new era through successful repair and replacement of diseased dental hard and soft tissues. Restorative dentistry in the future would no longer be using inert materials that only fill the prepared cavity, but instead, it will rely mainly on bioactive materials with the capability of dental tissues regeneration.Restorative Dentistry at Our Office in South St. Louis & St. Charles, MO. Over time and with use, your teeth can get worn or damaged and suffer discoloration or weakened structural integrity. At Hawthorn Dental, our oral care specialists make sure you regain a beautiful smile and good oral health. We restore our patients’ teeth after they ...Restoration Dental Studio offers composite or “tooth colored” fillings when restoring decayed, broken, or fracture-lined prone teeth. Composite fillings are the most common procedure in restoring teeth and have multiple shades to match the existing shades of the teeth. Patients can expect to be numb in the area of concern during these ...The sandwich restoration dental technique was developed by McLean and Wilson in 1977. The technique was called “sandwich” because the finished product resembles it. As with the two pieces of bread, we have composite resin above and the tooth structure below; meanwhile in between them is the …Sep 28, 2021 · What is restorative dentistry? As a broad definition, restorative dentistry encompasses any type of dental procedure that is used to restore your teeth after some kind of damage. Often, if the tooth is not properly restored, the patient may suffer additional oral health problems. A common example is filling a tooth. 1. What is restorative dentistry? The most common question is what restorative dentistry is. The term sounds complicated, but it is quite simple. Dental restoration refers to the …What is restorative dentistry? These dentists provide the full range of dental services, from primary preventative care and hygiene to complex procedures such as root canals and …Fillings are special materials that your dentist places on your teeth to repair tooth decay (cavities) or defects on the tooth surface. Fillings (also called restorations) restore the tooth to form and function. Advances in dental materials and methods provide new, effective ways to restore teeth. There are several different types of ... “Restorative dentistry” is the term dental professionals use to explain how they replace missing or damaged teeth. Fillings, crowns (“caps”), bridges and implants are common restorative options. The goal is to bring back your natural smile and prevent future oral health issues. Call us at (305) 203-4097 to learn more about our services or schedule an appointment. Request An Appointment. What to Know About Restoration Dentistry. Restoration …We want to be your dental home, so let our team take the best care of your family’s smiles. Call today to schedule your convenient appointment. Schedule an Appointment. Monday 8:15am – 1:15pm. Tuesday 8:15am – 1:15pm. Wednesday 8:15am – 1:15pm. Thursday 8:15am – 1:15pm. Friday 8:15am – 1:15pm.Restorative dentistry focuses on restoring a damaged smile. Restorative dentistry can address issues like: Chipped or cracked teeth. Broken teeth. Structural damage from …Carlsbad dentists Drs. Stephen Dankworth and Kimberly Corrigan-Dankworth proudly offer sedation dentistry, restorative and cosmetic dentistry, dental implants, Invisalign clear braces, gum disease treatment and general dentistry to patients in the Carlsbad area including Vista, San Marcos, Encinitas, Escondido and zip codes 92011, 92069, 92008 ...The use of 3D printing allows the creation of complex structures in a variety of materials. This special issue intendts to focus on recent advances and future perspectives within the field of restorative dentistry. In summary, it provides the clinican an overview of the recent technical and material innovations and …Our restorative dental services at Advanced Dental Associates in San Antonio will improve your smile's function, aesthetics, and oral health. New Patients Call 210-361-6847 Current Patients Call 210-655-2753Clinical Relevance. Proper configuration of the proximal surface of a Class II composite restoration is essential for the preservation of dental and periodontal tissues and subsequent long-term success. Adequately customized or designed wedges can assist in reproducing an imitation of natural form in the …What is restorative dentistry? These dentists provide the full range of dental services, from primary preventative care and hygiene to complex procedures such as root canals and … For your smile to do all of those things, you really do need a complete set of healthy teeth. At Holladay Smiles, Dr. Michael T. Smith and our team offer restorative dentistry in Millcreek, Utah. You can explore the links below for more information or you can call 801-278-4431 and schedule your appointment with our dentist. Dental Bridges. The sandwich restoration dental technique was developed by McLean and Wilson in 1977. The technique was called “sandwich” because the finished product resembles it. As with the two pieces of bread, we have composite resin above and the tooth structure below; meanwhile in between them is the …Temporaries. Temporaries are intended to do several important things: 1. Hold space vertically and horizontally for an incoming restoration. 2. Cover exposed dentin and thus prevent bacterial encroachment onto the tooth surfaces and into the exposed tubules. 3. Minimize or prevent sensitivity during the time …If you have been struggling with an incomplete smile, Dr. Taylor Goggins and associates are here to help. Call our office today to explore your treatment options. Contact Us Today. Locations. 720-784-8984.Schedule Your Visit. Conservative. Comprehensive. Comfortable. Request an Appointment. Call Us at (208) 417-7900. We’re making comfortable, stress-free, & modern dentistry the new norm. View our spa-like office, explore services, or book today at Restoration Dentistry.The Department of Dentistry at Montefiore Medical Center is dedicated to providing comprehensive care for diseases and disorders of the mouth, jaws, teeth, and face. In addition to oral hygiene, restorative dentistry, root canal therapy, periodontal treatment, and implant dentistry, we perform procedures under sedation and general anesthesia in ...The time to failure of Class V restorations placed by this group of dentists was reduced in association with the individual practitioner, smaller cavities, glass ionomer restorations, cavities ...Indirect restorations. As already explained in detail in the previous chapters, hypomineralizations can differ enormously in their appearance and form. The spectrum ranges from small whitish opacities to severe enamel breakdowns. 1 The need for restorative therapy increases with the occurence of enamel breakdowns.Restorative dentistry can fix issues affecting your teeth, gums, and jawbone, restoring your smile to health and appearance. At Parleys Creek Dental, we provide restorative dentistry to help our patients restore their smiles in the Salt Lake City, Utah, area. Call | 801-875-0570. New Patients | 801-829-9086.In recent years, the porcelain veneer has gained extensive recognition as a primary restoration in esthetic dentistry. A variety of materials and techniques have been introduced since its development in the early 1980s. The long-term clinical studies reported the outstanding performance of the porcelain veneer …Cast Restoration – Part 1. These restoration are made up of metal alloys or porcelain. Eg: Cast restoration are. Full crowns. Onlays. Inlays. Pinlays. Definition: Restoration which is constructed out of the mouth from materials like gold alloys, composite and porcelain and then cemented back into the prepared cavity of the teeth.Dental Hygienist. Hello! I'm Emily Beach. I was born in Aiken, SC, but have lived in Greenville for over 20 years. I graduated from Greenville Technical College in 2003 in Dental Assisting and earned an associate's degree in 2004 for Dental Hygiene. My hygiene background is in periodontics, where I spent 13 years specializing in scaling and ...Denver Restorative Dentistry is a prosthodontic practice located in Broomfield, Colorado, that specializes in complex dental restorations, including dentures, implant-supported dentures, implants, partials, All-on-4® implant dentures, veneers, crowns and complete full-mouth reconstructions. Schedule your appointment online or by calling 303 ... Restorative dentistry includes several procedures aimed to restore teeth to their natural appearance and function. This includes dental fillings, crowns, bridges, implants, bonding, inlays and onlays, and more. In this article we will let you know all about restorative dentistry and the different types of restorative dentistry. At Restorative Dental Group, we are dedicated to quality and the total dental wellness you deserve. A fixture in Cambridge’s Huron Village for over 40 years, we’ve provided thousands of patients with exceptional dental care. Though we’ve become one of the Boston area’s most comprehensive dental practices, our mission remains the same as ...Specialties: At Denver Restorative Dentistry, you'll be seen by Dr. Goggins, Dr. Aguirre, and Dr. Pitz who are skilled prosthodontists. If you didn't know, prosthodontists are dentists with three additional years of education and training beyond dental school in the restoration of missing and damaged teeth. It is one of the nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental …I have continued to work dental hygiene because of my passion for patient care and patient education. In my free time, I spend my days playing with my dogs and watching my daughter play soccer. …An ART restoration involves the removal of soft, completely demineralised carious tooth tissue with hand instruments. This is followed by restoration of the cavity with an adhesive dental material that simultaneously seals any remaining pits and fissures that remain at risk' 9.Denver Restorative Dentistry is a prosthodontic practice located in Broomfield, Colorado, that specializes in complex dental restorations, including dentures, implant-supported dentures, implants, partials, All-on-4® implant dentures, veneers, crowns and complete full-mouth reconstructions. Schedule your appointment online or by calling 303 ...One-day dental restorations with modern technology. Hello Family Dental in Suwanee, near Johns Creek, Georgia is one of the few dental offices north of Atlanta that offers one-day dentistry. Our office has invested in the most advanced dental technology and equipment to improve patient care and the patient experience for our valued clients.Jan 8, 2015 · To remove the minimum amount of healthy tooth tissue while doing so. To avoid accidental pulp exposure, by poor dental technique. To protect the pulp after treatment by using linings or bases as necessary. To produce a retentive cavity for restoration, if necessary (some materials are adhesive to tooth tissue). At Restorative Dental Group, we are dedicated to quality and the total dental wellness you deserve. A fixture in Cambridge’s Huron Village for over 40 years, we’ve provided thousands of patients with exceptional dental care. Though we’ve become one of the Boston area’s most comprehensive dental practices, our mission remains the same as ... The cost of your new dental bridge depends on the type of bridge you choose: Traditional or cantilever bridges — $2,000 to $5,000 for a pontic and a crown for each abutment tooth 9. Maryland bridges — $1,500 to $2,500 for one pontic and its framework that attaches to the abutment teeth 9. Implant-supported bridges — …Moreover, inlays, veneers, dental implants, all-ceramic crowns, and other restorations made of ceramic materials have been used with long-term clinical success . This paper reviews the literature on ceramic materials and divides the ceramic systems used in the field of dental restoration into three categories: silicate ceramics, polycrystalline ...Biomimetic dentistry could open a new era through successful repair and replacement of diseased dental hard and soft tissues. Restorative dentistry in the future would no longer be using inert materials that only fill the prepared cavity, but instead, it will rely mainly on bioactive materials with the capability of dental tissues regeneration. One-day dental restorations with modern technology. Hello Family Dental in Suwanee, near Johns Creek, Georgia is one of the few dental offices north of Atlanta that offers one-day dentistry. Our office has invested in the most advanced dental technology and equipment to improve patient care and the patient experience for our valued clients. The professional team at Nashua Cosmetic and Restorative Dentistry, P.L.L.C., provides comprehensive services in a friendly, relaxed environment. Welcome to our site! As a premier dental office in Nashua, NH, it is our goal to provide the highest level of dental care. We accomplish this through a combination of five-star customer service ... Why would I need dental restoration? You could need to seek the treatment of your dentist due to a variety of reasons. Missing teeth. Weakened enamel. Fractured teeth. … Dentist Meridian ID | Restoration Dentistry | Dr. Clayton. Welcome to a new kind of. dental experience. Request an Appointment Call Us at (208) 417-7900. It’s a mixture of plastic (acrylic) resin that’s reinforced with a powdered glass filler. It’s useful for a variety of dental restorations, including. fillings. veneers. inlays. crowns ...A crown can also protect or restore a broken, worn-down, or damaged tooth. A crown can hold a dental bridge in place, too. You have options when it comes to choosing the type of crown you receive. Restorative dentistry. Renewing your smile is our priority. From removable options like dentures to fixed selections like implants—we’re here to support you with restorative dentistry care so you can show off your strongest, healthiest smile. Schedule appointment (800) 277-3633. I can’t say it’s always fun going to the dentist, but Bright Smiles Family Dentistry made it easy and conformable for me to get the work I needed to be done. Will be coming here for future dental needs. Aaron F., via Google. Contact Us. Brighter Smiles Family Dentistry. 1454 30th St #208B. West Des Moines, IA 50266. (515) … Carlsbad dentists Drs. Stephen Dankworth and Kimberly Corrigan-Dankworth proudly offer sedation dentistry, restorative and cosmetic dentistry, dental implants, Invisalign clear braces, gum disease treatment and general dentistry to patients in the Carlsbad area including Vista, San Marcos, Encinitas, Escondido and zip codes 92011, 92069, 92008 ... Dental Implant Restoration. Dental implants may be an option for people who have lost a tooth or teeth due to periodontal disease, an injury, or lose fitting dentures/partials. Preventative Dentistry. We often do our best to brush and floss daily and to try avoid those sugary snacks but sometimes we just can’t avoid …Dental Implant Restoration. Dental implants may be an option for people who have lost a tooth or teeth due to periodontal disease, an injury, or lose fitting dentures/partials. Preventative Dentistry. We often do our best to brush and floss daily and to try avoid those sugary snacks but sometimes we just can’t avoid … Carlsbad dentists Drs. Stephen Dankworth and Kimberly Corrigan-Dankworth proudly offer sedation dentistry, restorative and cosmetic dentistry, dental implants, Invisalign clear braces, gum disease treatment and general dentistry to patients in the Carlsbad area including Vista, San Marcos, Encinitas, Escondido and zip codes 92011, 92069, 92008 ... At Allure Dentistry, we practice restorative dentistry. Understanding how essential your teeth are to the overall health of your mouth, jawbone, and body, we seek to restore and preserve your teeth whenever possible. If you live in Los Angeles, CA and damage your tooth, we encourage you to call our office at (310) 683-5321. The professional team at Nashua Cosmetic and Restorative Dentistry, P.L.L.C., provides comprehensive services in a friendly, relaxed environment. Welcome to our site! As a premier dental office in Nashua, NH, it is our goal to provide the highest level of dental care. We accomplish this through a combination of five-star customer service ... Tunnel restoration can be an option to restore proximal caries if the dentist selects the proper case and pays attention to the details of the restorative procedures. With the dentist’s advanced training, advanced light-emitting diode handpieces, magnifying loupes, precise digital imaging and new generation …Restorative Dentistry. The integrated, inter-disciplinary approach to successful restorative dentistry is reflected in this collection of recent articles from the BDJ. They cover diagnosis ...
The Restoration Dental team was created to help RESTORE the relationship back into the patient experience and help alleviate the dental anxiety that is typically seen at a dental office. Our company is motivated by people like you and want to provide the best experience possible from the first time you call our office to the 100th cleaning .... Anderson ranch arts center
Family Dentistry; Cosmetic Dentistry; Restorative Dentistry; Dental Implants; Emergency Dentistry; New Patients. Patient Forms; Financial & Insurance Info; FAQ; Refer a Friend; Blog; Contact Us; Call Us: (208) 417-7900 Request an AppointmentConsider the provisional crowns provided in Figures 14.1 and 14.2. The provisional restoration in Figure 14.1 demonstrates an adequate fit cervically and home care should therefore not be compromised. In contrast, the provisional restoration that has been placed on the molar tooth in Figure 14.2 had …Choosing the right procedure can repair worn, decayed, damaged, or missing teeth and restore a healthy and beautiful smile. We provide restoration dentistry at Highlands Family Dentistry in Dallas and the surrounding area. Our team can help restore your smile. Call us at (214) 491-5362 to learn more about our services or schedule an appointment.INTRODUCTION. About half of all restorations placed in adults in general dental practice are replacements (Mjör et al., 2002; Bernardo et al., 2007).The clinical diagnosis of secondary caries or caries adjacent to a restoration is the main reason for replacing these restorations (Mjör, 1989; Qvist et al., 1990a, b; Ericson et al., …Dental Implant Restoration. Dental implants may be an option for people who have lost a tooth or teeth due to periodontal disease, an injury, or lose fitting dentures/partials. Preventative Dentistry. We often do our best to brush and floss daily and to try avoid those sugary snacks but sometimes we just can’t avoid …In recent years, the porcelain veneer has gained extensive recognition as a primary restoration in esthetic dentistry. A variety of materials and techniques have been introduced since its development in the early 1980s. The long-term clinical studies reported the outstanding performance of the porcelain veneer …This document was developed through a collaborative effort of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Councils on Clinical Affairs and Scientific Affairs to offer updated information and guidance regarding restorative dental care for children. KEYWORDS: DENTISTRY, OPERATIVE, DENTAL MATERIALS, DENTAL RESTORATION, …INTRODUCTION. About half of all restorations placed in adults in general dental practice are replacements (Mjör et al., 2002; Bernardo et al., 2007).The clinical diagnosis of secondary caries or caries adjacent to a restoration is the main reason for replacing these restorations (Mjör, 1989; Qvist et al., 1990a, b; Ericson et al., …Choosing the right procedure can repair worn, decayed, damaged, or missing teeth and restore a healthy and beautiful smile. We provide restoration dentistry at Integrity Family Dental in Denver and the surrounding area. Our team can help restore your smile. Call us at (303) 242-8872 to learn more about our services or schedule an appointment.At Restoration Dental Center, we provide our patients with access to state-of-the-art facilities along with the most experienced and dedicated dental professionals. In 2017, Restoration Dental Center opened its doors to patients in the city of Marion, Iowa. Our mission is to provide highest quality of care in a comfortable environment.Dental implant restoration is available at Lobaina Dental in Miami and the surrounding area . Our dedicated team can answer your questions and provide useful information on …Restorative dentistry: An innovative handling approach Send your letters to the Editor, British Dental Journal , 64 Wimpole Street, London, W1G 8YS. [email protected]. Priority will be given to letters ...Why would I need dental restoration? You could need to seek the treatment of your dentist due to a variety of reasons. Missing teeth. Weakened enamel. Fractured teeth. …We provide restorative dentistry services in Fredericksburg, VA including dental implants and dentures. Restore your smile with us. Call us at (540) 898-8181.Examples of restorations include the following: Fillings are the most common type of dental restoration. Teeth can be filled with gold, silver amalgam, or tooth-colored plastic materials called ....